Year 11 Physics: the World Communicates Dot Points

The World Communicates 1. The wave model can be used to explain how current technologies transfer information * describe the energy transformations required in one of the following: mobile telephone, fax/ modem, radio and television Energy transmission in mobile telephone: ound wave energy (input sound) -> electrical (in transmitting phone) – > radio wave (transmit signal) -> electrical (in receiving phone) -> sound (output sound) * describe waves as a transfer of energy disturbance that may occur in one, two or three dimensions, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium A wave is a travelling disturbance which transfers energy without transporting matter. They may occur in 1D, 2D or 3D, depending on the nature of the wave and the medium. D- slinky, laser light >>> only moves in one direction 2D- water wave >>> propagates in all directions on a single plane 3D-light, sound, all EM waves >>> spreads/ radiates in all directions fro m a single point *identify that mechanical waves require a medium for propagation while electromagnetic waves do not Mechanical waves require a medium (particles in order to propagate) while electromagnetic waves do not. Classification of Waves: in terms of medium > mechanical (requires), electromagnetic (doesn’t require) -in terms of particle oscillation > mechanical >>> transverse (perpendicular), longitudinal (parallel) * define and apply the following terms to the wave model: medium, displacement, amplitude, period, compression, rarefaction, crest, trough, transverse waves, longitudinal waves, frequency, wavelength, velocity Mechanical Waves -require a medium to propagate -involves the transfer of energy through a medium by the motion of particles of the medium itself -particles moves as oscillations or vibrations around a fixed pointTransverse waves (e. g. light) – mechanical waves – particles of the medium oscillate back and forth in a direc tion perpendicular to the direction of wave propagation -does not require a medium Longitudinal/compressional waves (e. g. sound) -mechanical waves -particles of the medium oscillate back and forth in a direction parallel to the direction of propagation -requires a medium Period (T) – time taken for a single wave to pass through a fixed point OR the time taken for a particle of a medium to make one complete oscillation (measured in seconds) -T = 1fFrequency (f) – number of waves that pass through a fixed point per second OR number of complete oscillations of a medium particle in one second (measured in hertz > Hz) Medium – material through which a wave can propagate Displacement-shortest distance from initial position to final position of a particle Amplitude (A) – maximum displacement of particles from the undisturbed state (equilibrium position) Compression – zones where particles are closer together than in their undisturbed state Rarefaction – zones where the particles are further apart than in their undisturbed state Crest- highest part of the wavesTrough- lowest part of the wave Wavelength (? ) – distance between 2 successive identical points on a wave (e. g. distance measured in metres, between adjacent crests or troughs) Velocity (v) – speed at which the wave transfers energy away from the source * describe the relationship between particle motion and the direction of energy propagation in transverse and longitudinal waves Particles in a transverse wave oscillate back and forth in direction perpendicular to direction of propagation.Particles in a longitudinal wave oscillate back and forth in direction parallel to direction of propagation. * quantify the relationship between velocity, frequency and wavelength for a wave: Velocity is directly proportional to the product of the frequency and wavelength of the wave. 2. Features of a wave model can be used to account for the properties of sound * id entify that sound waves are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium Sound Waves -are vibrations or oscillations of particles in a medium classed as a mechanical longitudinal wave -when sound wave propagates, vibrations of the particles create pressure variations within that medium -frequency of a sound is determined by the frequency of the original vibration,NOT by the medium it travels through (i. e. frequency of a sound doesn’t change through any medium) -speed of sound is different in different media -sound travels fastest in solids, followed by liquids then gases (i. e. higher density- particles packed more closely together- vibrations travel faster) -speed of sound in air = 343 m/s relate compressions and rarefactions of sound waves to the crests and troughs of transverse waves used to represent them Compressions > crests Rarefactions > troughs * explain qualitatively that pitch is related to frequency and volume to amplitude of sound waves The amplitud e of a sound wave determines the volume of the sound. high amplitude = high volumelow amplitude=low volume Likewise, the frequency of a sound wave is directly related to the pitch of a sound. The higher the frequency, the more vibrations per second, and thus, the higher the pitch.High frequency= high pitchlow frequency=low pitch * explain an echo as a reflection of a sound wave Echo – forms when a sound wave reflects off a hard surface and rebounds back to its original source, essentially becoming the reflection of a sound wave. – wide variety of applications including SONAR (Sound Navigation And Ranging) > method for finding the depth of water and detection of animals and other objects in water * describe the principle of superposition and compare the resulting waves to the original waves in sound Superposition- also known as wave interference when two or more waves of the same type pass through the same medium at the same time, they will interfere with each other -individual component waves will interfere to give the resultant wave -position of any point on the resultant wave is the sum of the amplitudes of the component waves -rules to superimpose component waves: 1. End points 2. Intersecting points 3. Crests/ Troughs -note: > curve + curve = curve gt; curve + line = curve > line + line = line > once component waves no longer interfere with each other, they will return to their initial state -constructive interference > component waves are in phase (crests and troughs aligned) -destructive interference > component waves 180? out of phase (crests of one wave aligned to troughs of the other and vice versa) > resultant wave is a straight line 3.Recent technological developments have allowed greater use of the electromagnetic spectrum * describe electromagnetic waves in terms of their speed in space and their lack of requirement of a medium for propagation Electromagnetic Waves – travel through space at the speed of li ght, 3Ãâ€"10? m/s. – do not require a medium to propagate (i. e. can pass through a vacuum, are all transverse waves) – e. g. gamma rays, X-rays, ultraviolet, visible (VIBGYOR), infrared, microwaves, radio waves * identify the lectromagnetic wavebands filtered out by the atmosphere, especially UV, X-rays and gamma rays Waves able to penetrate atmosphere and reach surface of the Earth> visible light, radio waves, microwaves -too much exposure to UV radiation can result in cancers and dangerous mutations -too much exposure to X-rays and Gamma radiation would quickly kill us -Earth’s atmosphere has the ability to absorb ay incoming high energy radiation * identify methods for the detection of various wavebands in the electromagnetic spectrum EM Wave| Detectors| Source|Gamma| Geiger Muller tube| Nuclei of radioactive atoms and cosmic rays| X-ray| Fluorescent screen| X-ray tubes| Ultraviolet (UV)| Photo/solar cellsFluorescent chemicals| Very hot objectsArcs and s parksMercury capour lamps| Visible| Photo/ solar cellsEye| Hot objectsLampsLasers| Infrared| Special photographic filmSkinSemiconductor devices such as LDR and photodiode| Warm and hot objects (e. g. ire, people)| Radio/ Microwaves| Aerials connected to tuned electric circuits in radio and TV sets| Microwaves and ovensTV and radio transmitters using electric circuits and aerialsOscillating electrons| Note: the sun is a producer of all EM waves sending all bandwidths to Earth Photographic film detects all EM waves except for radio/ microwaves * where k = amount of energy of source, d = distance away from source, I= intensity explain that the relationship between the intensity of electromagnetic radiation and distance from a source is an example of the inverse square law:Intensity – the energy received per square metre per second at a distance away from the source Attenuation – decrease in the strength of the signal or light -EM waves decrease in intensity the further th ey are away from the source – to reduce attenuation in long distance communication, signal needs to be either: > sent out as a very large strong signal > signals travelling long distances need to be amplified at repeater or booster stations along their path * outline how the modulation of mplitude or frequency of visible light, microwaves and/or radio waves can be used to transmit information Bandwidth – space taken up in terms of frequency Modulation – process of adding (encoding) signal information to an EM wave Amplitude Modulation -signal wave encoded onto carrier wave by adding amplitude of signal wave and carrier waves using principle of superposition -turns into resultant modulated wave -information stored in variations of amplitude -constant frequency, changing amplitudes when received, radio receiver will decode variation in amplitude to obtain original signal, which is then amplified Advantages| Disadvantages| * requires a much smaller bandwidth of frequencies for transmission * number of transmissions possible in the AM band is larger| * depend on changing of amplitude through superposition of waves and therefore e very prone to interference |Frequency Modulation -signal wave added to carrier waves by changing frequency of carrier wave -information stored in variations of frequency -constant amplitude, changing frequencies low signal corresponds to low frequency and vice versa for high signals Note: frequency bands = megahertz (MHz)= _x10^6 m/s Advantages| Disadvantages| * since FM waves store information on varying frequencies, less prone to interference -harder to influence frequency of a wave by interference and superposition| * each transmission utilises a large bandwidth * different transmitters must be allocated different frequency bands for transmission to avoide interference with each other * limited number of transmitters allowable in given area| discuss problems produced by the limited range of the electromagneti c spectrum available for communication purposes -each transmission requires different frequency bands, but available bandwidth for certain types of EM waves is limited so there’s a possibility may run out of bandwidth and have transmissions start interfering with each other 4. Many communication technologies use applications of reflection and refraction of electromagnetic waves * describe and apply the law of reflection and explain the effect of reflection from a plane surface on waves Reflection – When a wave strikes a boundary, it bounces back.This is known as the reflection of a wave. Law of Reflection: – angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection – incident ray, reflected ray and the normal are on the same plane * describe ways in which applications of reflection of light, radio waves and microwaves have assisted in information transfer Light > fibre optic communcation Radio waves > AM/ FM radio transmission Microwaves > microwave repeating stations (to boost intensity of received signals through use of parabolic concave surface of satellite dishes) > mobile phone, internet cable data describe one application of reflection for each of the following: plane surfaces, concave surfaces, convex surfaces, radio waves being reflected by the ionosphere Plane > dressing and shaving Parabolic concave > satellite dishes (to reflect incoming signals to an antenna at the focus, hence amplifying signal), used in microwave repeating stations and radar control towers to boost intensity of received signals) >produce parallel beams of light used in torches, car headlight, etc Convex > shop security mirrors and side view mirrors (provides wider range of view) Radio waves reflected by ionosphereIonosphere – region of Earth’s atmosphere which consists of charged particles (electrons and ions) -charged property allows it to reflect low frequency (high wavelength) EM waves such as radio waves -this ref lection property enables the transmission of radio waves to receivers that are ‘out of sight’ due to the Earth’s curvature * explain that refraction is related to the velocities of a wave in different media and outline how this may result in the bending of a wavefront Wavefront – a line that joins all the point that are in phase in a wave (e. . a line that joins all crests, so is perpendicular to direction of propagation) Refraction – when waves travel from one medium to another, where they experience a change in speed, travel different distances (for the same interval of time), causing its wavefronts to bend. This changes the direction of propagation of the wave. Exception – when wave hits boundary between the two media at right angles, incident wavefronts are parallel to boundary, or incident angle is 0? -wavelength and velocity change -frequency remains the sameWhen a wave travels from a more dense to a less dense medium, direction of wave bends away from the normal and vice versa. Note: deep water is less dense than shallow water * define refractive index in terms of changes in the velocity of a wave in passing from one medium to another Refractive Index – the absolute refractive index of a material is a ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in the material RI = cv , where c is the speed of light, and v is the speed of light in material It is the change in velocity of a wave passing from one medium to another. related to optical density (i. e. high RI = high OD and vice versa) * define Snell’s Law: = = n? n? * identify the conditions necessary for total internal reflection with reference to the critical angle Total internal reflection occurs when the incidence angle is greater than the critical angle. * i. e. boundary totally reflects the waves, hence the wave never escapes the medium it is in Critical angle: – wave travelling from more dense to less dense – angle of incidence forms an angle of reflection of 90? the critical angle) * outline how total internal reflection is used in optical fibres Fibre-Optic Communication – optic fibres made of glass or plastic materials -An optical fibre consists of a core (made of material with higher RI/ is more optically dense) and a cladding – Light encoded with data is guided along the length of the fibre via total internal reflection until it reaches the other end where the information is extracted and decoded Advantages| How/ Why| large amount of data can be transmitted at any one time * suitable for transmitting information where straight line transmission is impossible * interferences by outside disturbances are minimised since light waves are confined within fibres * energy lost due to long distance transmission minimised| * by using a group of many fibres * light waves only travel in straight lines * light waves are confined within fibres * energy of light waves totally trapped with in core of fibres| . Electromagnetic waves have potential for future communication technologies and data storage technologies * identify types of communication data that are stored or transmitted in digital form * fibre optic communication * AM/FM radio broadcasting * mobile telephone calls * satellite communication

Functionalist And Marxist Perspective On Religion Essay

Also known as the social conflict approach, critique of capitalism. According to Marx, in a capitalist society, religion plays a critical role in maintaining an unequal society, in which certain groups of people have more resources and power than other groups of people. For Marx, Ideology is a belief system that changes people’s perception of reality in ways that serves the interest of the ruling class. He argues that the class that control economic production also controls the production and distribution of ideas in society, through institutions such as churches, education system etc. In Marx’s view religion operates as an ideological weapon used by the ruling class to justify the suffering of the poor as something inevitable and God-given. The Marxist perspective, persist that religion operate as a drug to dull the pain of exploitation, because religion is a distorted view of the world, it can offer no solution to earthly misery. Instead, it promises rewards in the afterlife that creates an illusion of happiness which distracts attention from the true source of suffering, namely capitalism. Marx argued that the ruling class used religion as a tool to keep the less powerful proletariat pacified. He argued that religion was able to do this by promising rewards in the afterlife, instead of in this life. Marx was calling for the proletariat to  discard religion and its deceit about other worldly events, only then would this class of people be able to rise up against the ruling class and gain control of the means of production and only then would they achieve real rewards. Here we can see the social-conflict approach to religious highlights how religion, as a phenomenon of human behaviour functions to maintain social inequality by providing a worldview that justifies oppression. Because Marx was committed to criticizing the prevailing organization of society during his time, he took a particular stance towards religion. He believed that this was a tool of social control used to maintain an unequal society and that it should be abolished. Functionalist perspective on religion (Emile Durkheim) Durkheim outline that all religion share three elements: 1. Beliefs are held by a follower. 2. Practices and Rituals. 3. Moral community. The functionalist perspective states that religion is universal, there are functions that it fulfils for society. It satisfies individual needs and religion give people a sense of identity. These functions are: 1. It provide social unity to help maintain social solidarity through shared rituals and believes. 2. Social control to enforce religious-based morals and norms to help maintain conformity and control in society. 3. Religion offers meaning and purpose to answer question of existence. Durkheim argued that religion acted as a source of solidarity and identification for the individuals within a society. Religion provided a meaning for life, it provided authority figures, and most importantly for Durkheim, it reinforced the morals and social norms held collectively by all within a society. Functionalist saw it as a critical part of the social system, as it provides social control, cohesion, and purpose for people, as well as another means of communication and gathering for individuals to interact and reaffirm social norms. Secondly, Functionalist approach identifies certain elements of religious beliefs that are common across different cultures. A belief in a supernatural realm is not necessary or common among religions, but the separation of different aspects of life, physical things, and certain  behaviors into two categories: 1. Sacred – Objects and behaviors that are considered part of the spiritual or religious world. Knowable through extraordinary experiences. 2. Profane – Everything else in the world that do not have a religious function or hold religious meaning. Knowable through normal empirical observation. Functionalists believe that religion is an agency of socialization, and the role of socialization religion plays is that of cultural learning. It believes that society represents an external limitation as norms and values regulate and limit our behaviour. Both Marxism and Functionalism theories take the macro world view and that elements of human culture must be understood in terms of their relationship to a larger structure. It studies the frameworks of society and how society shaped our behaviour. Marx’s theory of religion needs to be seen in the context of his general view of society, capitalism dominates the working class. Whereas functionalism sees religion as a unifying force and a feature all societies. Marxism sees religion as a feature only of class – divided society.

How to make a good impression at acollege Essay

Style of dressing for college varies from place to place, culture to culture, environment to environment, so I can’t recommend you a specific type of dress or style of dressing, instead I had an exclusive and powerful tip for you to determine â€Å"what type of dress you have to wear on first day of college to give a great first impression†. Visit your college before first day or observe senior students of your college and check their dressing style to decide what suites you on first day of your college and in which dress you can make good first impression. Your look First thing counts in your first impression is your look because visual works much more earlier than the any other impression For males I suggest shiny hairs, fresh look and well shaved, smiling and charming face. For females light look, unique hairstyle and updated fashion works well. Neatness and uniqueness are the plus points to create good first impression on the first day of college. Hand carry Choosing your hand carry or college bag is simply recommended to be comfortable and light to carry preferably better suites your personality (height, weight). To get out of confusion you can also take help from your observation of senior students of your college, but I recommend you not to copy them instead develop a unique style of your own to choose college bag or to handle it. Selection of shoes Shoes recommended to wear on first day are that pair of your collection which suites you most and you can feel comfortable in them so you are then able to give your concentration to other necessary matters of giving good first impression instead of fighting with shoes. First day of the college Now come to some simple points you must have in your mind on the first day of college to make a good and powerful impression. Be punctual First thing is be on time. Embed your self in the new environment Don’t worry about finding yourself on the new environment; feel free and easy because those who will meet you are also humans. I had observed myself that many students at first day of the college are terrified that how they face new persons and new place, I suggest you to be normal and feel pleasant to make great impression on first day you must avoid any shyness and don’t be afraid and terrified. Your confidence Take care of your self-confidence its help you to face new environments and persons. Self-confidence doesn’t mean to be overconfidence; it may ruin your good first impression. Be careful about your self respect, self respect is in your hand. Be mature I suggest you to act more mature then other students so you can impress them and make a good start of your college life. Use your smile Use curve of smile to make the new problems and complexions straight. Step by step method of how to make good first impression on your first day of new job First impression Use your body language as a powerful weapon to create good first impression on others but remember not to over act. Handling your face impressions in front of others helps you great on the first day of your college. Manners have their own importance in expressing yourself to others, I suggest you to be well mannered with your fellows and teachers. I think you also known to the most famous saying that â€Å"first impression is the last impression† so observe it and follow it and give your best on every person you met in your college. Place yourself on your teachers place and observe yourself from his/her eyes, it helps you greatly in creating your first impression. Talk and treat politely Politeness attract everyone, keep it in mind don’t prefer to be harsh, it may break hearts. Don’t ever think that others are fools, remember that they also have minds and they can notice any foolish thing done by you. Be friendly and try to blend yourself in those whom you like on first sight. Speaking more then need isn’t good on the first day, lose talking and your volume matters greatly in making your good first impression on the first day of college. Be social Check names of all your teachers and try to meet them and introduce yourself to them personally, it’s a tip I have tried myself in college and after effects of this great first impression on my teachers are so good that I can’t have words to tell you that how much my this act of meeting personally on the first day of college works on my teachers. Try to recognize your fellows, who are going to be in future on your side and who are going to start competition with you in future. Try to recall the names of new fellows. Initial days are most important to create great first impression on your teachers and professors, so use these days to make an impression of brilliant and genius student in front of them, give them your company and be active before them and show yourself a bright and corporative student of your class. Your laugh Laughing a number of times harms your first impression on the first day of college but smile leaves some better points to you. Simple planning Configure your position in the class and seat to sit; it helps you to plan better for the further college life. Your first impression A smart and useful course on methods, tips, techniques and ways you need to build and improve your s Don’t be over smart One point that I had faced during first day of my college is that I tried to be over smart and think â€Å"what I know is unknown to others†, later I came to know that I was totally wrong and big fool, because of my that mistake I now recommend every student going to college â€Å"Please don’t be over smart in first days of college†. Be prepared for odds Be prepared for any ragging or teasing by seniors, I think its better to manage some distance from your seniors who wants to tease you in initial days of college. If you accidently caught by them face them calmly and don’t bother and feel unconfident. Take everything openly and recognize it with open mind don’t hyper of little troubles and problems which comes to as new student of the college. Check your studies Check out your subjects; if anyone comes to your interest, consult it, be active on that subject to create a good first impression in initial days of college, discuss that subject with teachers and fellows to be social. If you feel that some subjects are hard for you, don’t take tension, try to give them your concentration, I hope you can do it but in all cases keep yourself calm and please don’t bother. If you feel insecure, give your self time and take deep breath to boost yourself against the new challenges, feeling free is the main thing you need to prepare for the great first impression on the first day of college. Remember no one come to help you, in college you alone have to help yourself, so be prepared. Be social and try to discuss with others about different matters, there is nothing to worry about on the first day of college.

The Fifth Replies of Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Fifth Replies of Descartes - Essay Example The Fifth Replies of Descartes The argument in question is the argument of Discourse. The problem with this counter argument is the inherent bias. There is a premise and theres a conclusion if one accepts the premise the conclusion must be accepted. Renà ©e Descartes says that he knows he exists it is inherent that he knows what he is and what his nature is, it is the very definition of establishing his existence. This knowledge (of existing) cannot be separated from the knowledge of what that existence is about. This point can be elaborated through an example for instance one sees a bottle of water. His eyes tell him that it is there. Since this person has the premise that what his eyes see is in fact real (or existing) it means that he knows that the bottle exists. When he say that it exists it means it has certain properties that indicate that it exists. No one can say that something exists without acknowledging the properties. Existence without the knowledge of its properties is even more illogical than deriving a conclusion that existence of self also encompasses the nature of self. When Renà © Descartes say that he thinks therefore he exists, it means that he is aware of what he is and what his nature is. Otherwise there is no existence. Every existence has its properties; be it divine authority like God or as trivial as a plastic water bottle. The objection of Descartes’s claim rests with the understanding of premise. If the critics accept the premise when Renà ©e says that something exists, he also bases this by understanding some properties.

McDonalds Business Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

McDonalds Business - Case Study Example With the growing public awareness and desire for socially responsible businesses, it is significant to note that companies consider planning for future socially responsible business operation (Kotler & Lee, 2004). An analysis on McDonald’s social responsibility evaluates an example of corporate social responsibility shown by McDonalds. McDonald is the largest company in the world that deals in hamburger food restaurants. In reference to McDonald’s corporate social responsibility, the company is taking action, maintaining openness in communication with its customers and shareholders and attaining results. The company works with its suppliers so as to promote socially responsible behaviors or practices in its supply chain as an integral part of the company’s supply chain strategy. This is part of the company’s social responsibility. In addition, the company has designed its own its code of conduct for suppliers which explains how the company desires or expec ts its suppliers to handle and treat their workers. The company has managed and succeeded in supporting suppliers who are removing sow gestation crates in supply chain. For instance, 50% of its Cargill contracted hog farms are all in new generation systems that do not apply gestation stalls for the benefit of the wider community. Additionally, McDonalds gives part of its pre-tax profits to corporate charity or philanthropy as part of its strategy to be socially responsible. The company conducts philanthropic contributions via the Ronald McDonald Houses Charities which focus to create, get and support programs that enhance and improve the well being and health of children in society. This body ensures that children in vulnerable communities can receive medication and dental treatment in order to improve their health and strengthen their respective families. This program aims to change and improve the lives of communities. As part of it being socially responsible, McDonalds has formul ated a way of engaging communities in operations through community based projects. Community based projects have become significant aspect of development assistance among world socially responsible organizations. For instance, McDonalds launched the Flagship farms initiative in Europe that aimed at employing innovative farming methods and practices across Europe and conducts research on how ethical farming practices can be included into commercial farming systems. Therefore, an economic relationship means a strategy of involving communities into business activity of the organization in order to makes sure that communities are embedded in corporate supply chain strategy so as to establish a sustainable business. Case study 2 McDonalds has got well written and designed corporate social responsibility program that it has well implemented in order to ensure that communities are integrated in its business and that it benefits from its business operation. For instance, the McDonald Compan y delivered its inaugural corporate social responsibility report in which the company sought to get extensive feedback from stakeholders and community. The company has included several things in its social responsible program that aim to make it more socially responsible. For instance, they have implemented program that aim to develop sustainable agriculture, employment policies

The Impact of Financial Crisis on UK Fiscal Policy and Government Debt Essay

The Impact of Financial Crisis on UK Fiscal Policy and Government Debt - Essay Example The current crisis is definitely more pronounced and prolonged than any other previous financial crisis, yet support from fiscal policy, monetary policy, use of guarantees on liabilities and purchase of assets has helped in reducing the direct fiscal costs (Laeven & Valencia, 2012). While such efforts might have led to minimizing the direct impact of the financial crisis yet it has been becoming a rising concern for fiscal sustainability in many countries, as the fiscal policy has led to increasing the public debt burden as well as the government contingent liabilities size. Fiscal policy holds great interest for policy makers as it has the ability to act as an instrumental tool for growth and development in the long run (Brahmbhatt & Otaviano, 2012). Fiscal policy is no business strategy, for a national economy is by no means a business, it does not earn; rather it implies how the public is taxed and how the government spends the gathered money (debt bombshell, 2012). In the UK the national debt is the amount that is owed to the private sector and UK gilts purchases. The government spends more money than it can afford to tax, leading to selling bonds/gilts.The case study is based on two economic theories and their fundamental aspects while addressing the research questions.Battaglini and Coate (2008) presented the political economy model. The model was meant to understand the influence of the fiscal policy that it has on the Business cycle

Summary about Oklahoma movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Summary about Oklahoma movie - Essay Example Despite the fact Laurey wants to show she does not care so much about Curly, she is in love with him. They finally decide to go together, but because Laurey is afraid of Jud she suddenly changes her mind. At the box-social, Curly pays the biggest price in a contest over Laurey’s food box. He has sold what he owned and was able to pay $42.31, quite a big sum for that time (the beginning of the 20th century). In three weeks, Curly and Laurey are to marry. Their merry event is overshadowed by Jud’s drunk intrusion. Jud breaks in and threatens his ex-rival with a knife. A brawl starts. Jud falls on his own knife and dies. Curly is acquitted of Jud’s murder and the newlyweds ride off on their exciting honeymoon. The second pair, Ado Annie and Will Parker, too, get married at the end despite Ado was about to change her mind. Specifically, Will wanted to marry Ado, but had to get the sum of $50 just because her father said so. When he returns from the fair in Kansas-city, he finds out that he has to compete for Ado’s affection with Ali Hakim, a Persian peddler. While Will was away, Ado fell for Hakim who was just flirtatious but did not mean to marry her. Ado’s father insists that Hakim marry Ado as he sees his flirt, at the same time Will has lavishly spent his $50 on gifts. Because Hakim, a ladies’ man, does not want to marry Ado and thinks it will be good if Will did, he pays him $50 for his presents, which is the way for Will to win Ado’s hand. Finally, Will and Ado get together to discuss their future prospects, i.e. their

Are Affirmative Action laws fair Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Are Affirmative Action laws fair - Essay Example While affirmative action was initially designed to provide opportunity, the laws that are currently implemented are unfair and move against the initial intent of the action. The changes in culture and society, as well as the alterations in educational institutions and in requirements for education have led affirmative action into becoming illegitimate. Instead of presenting new opportunities to minorities, it creates disadvantages to providing equal opportunity within educational systems. When affirmative action began, it was based on opening doors for those that didn’t have opportunity within educational systems or with jobs because of their race, ethnicity or gender. However, in the current educational system, as well as in the work force, the idea of affirmative action has begun to change the way that many look at individuals who are applying for the same job. By the laws, it is required that every corporation and school have a percentage of minorities or ethnicities to show that there is equal opportunity within the work place. This basic requirement has led many to look beyond the main employment needs and instead to offer equal opportunity by providing a balance in diversity. Some researchers (Merritt, Reskin, 1997), have found that work environments and educational institutions will often overlook the credentials and the experience of professionals that are hired. Instead, they will look at hiring those that will present a sense of diversity within the work force. Personal characteristics, such as marital status and age, as well as race and gender, became some of the main priorities to those that were hiring. Supplementing this with experience then creates a different level of accountability to the educational institution or work force area (Merritt, Reskin, 1997). The demands for work areas and educational institutions to show diversity so they can continue to stand against affirmative action laws is only one of the unfair aspects that

Public administration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Public administration - Essay Example The process of formulating a new public policy often follows three stages: agenda setting, option-formulation, and then finally implementation. This obviously revolves around the problem to be solved. A perfect example is the problem of health care in the US. The Affordable Care Act/ Obama Care is an example of public health policy that was recently implemented in the US. President Obama signed into law The Patients Protection and Affordable Care Act (ACA) in March 23rd 2010. This policy aims to help more Americans gain access to health insurance at affordable rates. This is because millions of US citizens are uninsured. The ACA works in phases to reduce the number of uninsured by introducing an Individual Mandate. By 2014 every uninsured individual (Adults and Children) will be required to have some form of health insurance by paying up to $285/year to virtual health insurers online. Women will not pay higher premiums and insurers will have issue a cover regardless of enrollees having pre-existing medical conditions. Under ACA, insurers are also requires to spend at least 80% of their premiums in actual health care. The ACA strives to push health insurance prices down and also maintain quality of care in the

American Politics in the Context of Obama’s Election and the First 100 Days Essay Example for Free

American Politics in the Context of Obama’s Election and the First 100 Days Essay Though none opposes the fact that motivation is the real driving engine of every action, there is considerable differences among the theorists about its mechanism, especially when it comes to explore the possibility to bring out the best out in the employees of an organization, where one school of thought advocates for extrinsic motivation for instant solution and the other insists on capitalizing the long-term efficacy of intrinsic motivation. Under the present context of economic downturn, this issue is extremely important, as extrinsic motivation primarily involves money. Therefore, this paper explores the core elements of motivation and concepts of extrinsic and intrinsic rewards from relevant literature, before coming into its own conclusion. Core of Motivation The core of motivation contains three elements like Consciousness, Inverted Qualia and Absent Qualia. These three together create various mental states. Consciousness It has six major identifiable states like 1. State of awareness: When someone is aware of something (Rosenthal, 1986). 2. Qualitative states: Sensing something out of something like enjoying a meal or experiencing a pain. Such experiences are called qualia, and are regarded as intrinsic, private, ineffable and nomadic features of experience, (Dennet, 1990). 3. Phenomenal states: A state involving more than sensory qualia, covering spatial, temporal and conceptual organization of experiences about the world and the persons inference about it. 4. What-it-is-like states: Associating a sense of experience with another. 5. Access consciousness: Its like seeing a thing and ideating something and then deciding on something, where there may or may not be any relationship among the above-said three stages. 6. Narrative consciousness: This stream of consciousness contains a series of thoughts from the perspective of an actual or merely virtual self (Dennett, 1991). Inverted Qualia It refers to a personal package of intrinsic and intricate experiences, with which humans decipher various external signals and respond to them, where the nature of experience governs the nature of response. The difference in perception causes inverted qualia, as for example someone might like green tea and detest coffee for no unexplainable reasons. This trait has a strong connection with intrinsic motivation (Dennet, 1991) Absent Qualia The concept of absent qualia claims that functional duplicates of a creature would do the same. As for example, if Mr. X likes tea and dislikes coffee, then his absolute clone would also do the same, for which the clone would not need an intricate and intrinsic package of experiences (Dennet, 1991). This concept backs the idea of getting result through extrinsic reward – as for example, if Mr. X and Mr. Y do identical jobs under identical conditions, then if Mr. X feels satisfied with cash reward, Mr.  Y would too follow the suit without a second thought! This study thus highlights two sets of hidden relationships, one, between inverted qualia and intrinsic motivation/rewards, and two, between absent qualia and extrinsic motivation/rewards. In any case, humans (apparently) involuntary association with rewards too has its routes in their perceptions, which maintain a master list of individual desires, and accordingly propel them to fulfill such desires. Put into an imaginary diagram, the mechanism of human mind can look somewhat like below: Mechanism of Motivation Motivating Tools From the organizational perspective, the ways and means to motivate the employees can be many. However, the common ones among them are, 1. Rewards 2. Retention 3. Morale 5. Job-enrichment 6. Reinforcement 1. Rewards System: Rewards or recognition system has a great bearing on the emotional plane of humans. † Every behavior comes out of pain and gain principle, says Khera (2004, p. 110). There can be many types of tangible gains like money, vacations or gifts, or they can be intangible, like recognition, appreciation, sense of achievement, growth, responsibility, sense of fulfillment, self-worth, etc. 2. Retention: It highly motivates the employees, as Retention is critical to the long term health and success of the company (Heathfield, 2008). 3. Morale: The elements like praise, love and faith can charge up anyone under any circumstance. 4. Job Enrichment: It relates to the in-house grooming of the employees to become an expert in the related field. 5. Reinforcement. By all means, it is a tool to control the employee behavior (Positive, 2000), which binds the company activities together. Other Factors Related to Motivation There are three other factors that can be instrumental to keep employees motivated, and they are: Job Satisfaction, Goal-setting and Performance appraisals. They are considered to be the self-boosters of the employees, and according to Murphy (2001), belief is a thought that causes the power of subconscious to be distributed into all phases of life. Motivation and Reward System Reward systems are created to fuel the employee cooperation, effort and overall satisfaction of all members of the company Cacioppe (1999). Other researchers like Hackman (1997) Shea and Guzzo (1987) too have endorsed this view, and suggested to align rewards with group activities. The basic parameter of the formulating a reward structure, however, is expected to apply the common logic like optimizing the ability of the workforce as a whole, though in practice it might go down to an individual, especially where the work patterns are not interdependent. This situation commands a quick review of the nature of intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. Intrinsic Rewards Deci (1975) says that intrinsic rewards evoke a sense of personal causation i. e.  , an inward mechanism serving as the guiding engine for the action, where its elements are usually intangible and working on the plane of ones perception, where the journey is being enjoyed over the outcome. Extrinsic Rewards Extrinsic rewards are supposed to generate perceptions of external causation (Deci, 1975) by being mostly tangible in nature – a hike in salary or status, or material gains in other forms. However, researchers like Guzzo, (1979) defies any division in the reward system and considers it a single, usable tools to tweak the frequency of desired response of the employees towards a desired direction. Researchers like Hull (1943) and Skinner (1953) placed extrinsic reward as a direct link between stimulus and response, and their views include punishment as a stimulus too, besides subscribing to the power of stimulus. Reaction No matter how much Hull (1943) and Skinner (1953) wanted to establish extrinsic motivation as the best motivating tool to earn competitive advantage, extrinsic motivation carries a hidden cost besides the cost involved in its implementation. Researchers like Deci and Ryan (1985) used attribution theory and suggested that humans constantly reassess the reasons for their behaviors besides others. Before that, Lepper et al. (1973) had observed that reinforcement generates two effects for the management, like gaining control over activity or fastening the process; two, the backlash effect in absence of reinforcement. The example below would explain it better: A group or an individual gets a reward of x amount of money for a period y, where x+y=m, m being the increased rate of production. Before that, the situation was y=z where production was z. Now in the absence of reinforcement and with the influence of attribution theory, the situation would stand like y-x = n, where n z. This clearly goes against the basic reason for motivating the employees, i. e. , to enhance the profit of the organization. Engagement occurs when an employee connects emotionally with his work, says Paul Glen (2007), and if one checks the mechanism of motivation, one gets convinced that extrinsic motivation cannot influence the employees to connect emotionally with their work, as it is guided by absent qualia, i. e. , a momentary and involuntary chase, where emotion has no role to play. On the other hand, the intrinsic motivation is guided by inverted qualia, i.  e. , conscious chase and that clearly takes along emotion in its journey and influence the human mind in no less than six ways. Conclusion The research and discussion above clearly shows that extrinsic motivation system can be a threat in disguise for the organizations especially under the present context of economic downturn, while intrinsic motivation can be the ideal solution under the same circumstance, where it can raise emotional attachment with the organization and inspire the employees to produce more for less. References Cacioppe, R. (1999). Using team-individual reward and recognition strategies to drive organizational success. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 20(6), pp. 322-331. Deci, E. and Ryan, R. (1985) Intrinsic motivation and self-determination in human behaviour. New York: Plenum Press. Deci, E. L. (1975). Intrinsic motivation. New York: Plenum. Denett, D. C. (1990). Quining qualia. In Mind and Cognition, W. Lycan (Ed. ), Oxford: Blackwell, 519-548. Dennett, D. C. (1991). Consciousness explained. Boston: Little, Brown and Company. Glen, P. (2007). You Cant Outsource Retention. Computerworld, July 16, 2007. Guzzo, R. A. (1979). Types of rewards, cognitions, and work motivation. Academy of Management Review, 4(1), pp. 75-86. Hackman, J. R. (1997). Why teams dont work. In R. S. Tindale, J. Edwards, E. J. Posavac (Eds. ) Applications of theory and research on groups to social issues. New York: Plenum.

UFO Alien Earth

UFO Alien Earth UFO (Unidentified Flying Object) is not a new word for every one, and every one are very understands the meaning for this word, that means is the flying object can not be identified or the flying object never see before by the observer also can call it to UFO. (Roswell UFO Incident 2007) Every day, has a lot of the hearsay or news about the UFO or aliens to go the round to us, and this word or this topic are also to come for the scientist and astronomers to thorough study this topic and very constructive to find out the proof to support he or she contention and need to proof human whether alone in the world. Have half of the people believed that the UFO or alien is really existence, and they believed human is not alone in the world. But on other side is disagree this statement and believed human is alone in the world, the reason is they never see UFO and alien before, so they do not believe that about other â€Å"high wisdom living things† is existence. This essay will examine the arguments about existence of Alien and UFO. The existence of alien believe by some of the people is because there are about three different ways or statement to make the people believe the high wisdom living things that refer to alien is existence, that are included the UFO appear in front of them before, the various unimaginable activities make by the alien hearsay are spread for every day, and they found a lot of the alien vestige from the history. This all is a reasons to make the people believed the alien is existence and human is not alone in the world. Start from the era of 40, the cases of UFO are keep on coming out on the difference places in the world and more than million peoples have say that they have meet UFO before. In the presence of all the cases, the case on 13 March 1997 is more famous in the history due to the time where more than ten thousand people visit the unimaginable image together; this case comes up from the Phoenix city of America. On that day night of Arizona of America, around ten thousand peoples saw the sky appear 5 to 6 unidentified object of light and they to arrange in V word and fly over the city with very slowly and quietly, The visitor say, the size for every unidentified object of light bigger like the 747 airplane. This case became the citizen very scared and fear the alien will attack earth and they start to believe the aliens is really existence. The sheriff of Arizona of America on that time, make a news conference and deny this case is true to solve this case to make the citizen scared. But aft er ten years ago, this sheriff recognize he speak a falsehood on that time, the purpose for he speak a falsehood is needs to maintain the social order and dun want make the citizen feel scared, because he is public must be responsible what he talking and every word he say also will influence the people thinking and felling, so he choice speck a falsehood. After few years ago, he feel very guilty conscience and he think he needs to telling a true to every one, he say, on that day night he also have visit the unidentified object of light and say that light very beautiful and the flying object size very bigger, they saw the situation is same with the visitor on that time. After he makes a statement publicly, the topic of the UFO becomes the hot topic immediately, and he also is a first high ranking office to recognize the UFO case is true. (UFO Incident 2007) After they experience the situation that are unexplainable, they also say and believed the UFO is transportation for the aliens to come to our planet, earth. And the appearance of the UFO has three types that is shape like disc, sphere, and the shape like a cigar, but the same is that (UFO) also can flying very high speed, shine and the size big like the 747 airplane. And the alien is establishing to living thing coming from other planet, and they are other very high wisdom living thing except human in the world. And they can be differentiate to smaller, bigger than human and the body size same with human 3 difference types are hearsay before, and they have very big eye and skull, and no any hair on they head. (The mystery of Alien n.d.) this all is descriptive by the detector, and many types of the UFO and alien maybe is not come from same places, or other exposition is difference UFO have differences function, for the example, we have airplane, bombing plane, helicopter, and so on. Difference types of alien can be exposition to difference race, for the example, in our earth have American, Chinese, Indian, African, difference race have difference size of body and difference color of skin. (The mystery of Alien n.d.) In this all of the cases in the history, though the government denies all the cases, the reason is needs to maintain the social order, but other side, the government secretly conducts a lot of the project to study the UFO and the alien cases, because they start scared the reasons for the alien to come to our planet, because happen more and more cases of kidnapping that are related to alien. They believe he or she is kidnapping by the alien is because he or she body also can found the metal blade, and on they skin for the part of embedding the metal blade haven any scar, in our medical skill is can not or impossible can do that, this show they kidnapping by the alien maybe is true and other civilization medical skill is more over than human. And after study by the scientist, discover have 11 material in the metal blade is no in earth, this show the 11 material maybe is come from other planet, and the person after kidnapping by the alien normally will losses they memory, after adopt th e hypnotherapy just know what happen occur on he or she experience. (The mystery of Alien n.d.) Start from 1966, the United Nation seriously noted the cases of the aliens; the reason is wants to avoid the war of interplanetary at first, because the technology level is lower than the alien. The air force schools on America already provide the Ufology course to teach the soldier how to identify the flying object and how to handle when engage with the alien. (Verification of UFO and Alien n.d.) this can show that, the government start run some programs to avoid conflict with alien. In other sides, though the government denies the cases, but the unexplained cases also keep it on to come out and the case is the government can not to denies, because the images is happening in front of the peoples, for the example, the farm, many beautiful and special logo come out in the farm. The first case is come out on 1983 in England, after that, the different logo happening more and more come out on different places. The most special aspect is that every logo in the farm also have more higher radiometer and the wheat is dump and have not snap, and when the farm come out the logo, the farm harvest will be increase. The scientist until now also unable to give an answer and do not know how to solve this mystery. Another incident is that, a person saw how the logo have been done, he said, the logo is big in size but it only take around 3 second but there do not any witness around the happening and than a lot of the questions could not be answer by the scientist, so most people i t is make by the other high wisdom living things, and they try to use it all logo to tell us somethings, but no any one know what the means for they try to telling us. (Alien Wheat logo 2007) This incident was unable to be denied by the government because the logo was showed in front of the people. Beside that, except a lot of the cases about the UFO is happening right now but they (alien) do not just discover by us, actually, they come to our planet already have more than thousand years ago, in our history already have record the cases of the UFO, but on that time, they have not idea or dun not know what is that, and they just thinks or explain they is a cloud of colorful ( because UFO have a lot of the light, so looking like a cloud and very colorful.) a ring of the light, and have some person thinks they is god. This all normally is record on the hymnbook. Furthermore, except record on the hymnbook, are also have record on the wall-painting, the pyramid is a good example for this, because on the wall-painting in the pyramid appear the image of the airplane, helicopter, computer in that, it really inconceivable. Because the first airplane in come out on 1903, but now discover that appear on 3000 years ago on the wall-painting in the pyramid, this make the people of archeology associate the alien have come here before, if follow this statement, just can explain the pyramid is build by the alien, because on that time the Egyptian is not enough technology to do that, and they is impossible to move the stone (the most lightly stone is around 2.5 ton, and most weight stone is around 50 ton) and carry it and fix it into the pyramid. (Sciencehuman Inc n.d.) So, after more and more unexplained cases come out and this is only way can answer this all is other high wisdom civilization from other planet is really existence and human is not alone in the world. Although have a lot of the statement to show the alien is existence, but other side of the peoples still persist in ones opinion and unbelievable have other living things existence in the world. The reasons of them persistent is they haven see alien or UFO before, and have a lot of the proof or photo is counterfeit, make it by some bodies. Other of the reasons is they believe the government and the scientist statement, and have a lot of the flying object is new technology, just is military aircraft, not a UFO. Even thought have a lot of the hearsay is about the cases of the UFO, but, this statement for the peoples is wrong, because in their opinion, they just will assume all this cases is the counterfeit, the reason is, if the case is really happening more and more, why they haven see before. And they believe that, the hearsay also is some bodies to make it out, the purposed for they make it out maybe is needs to destroy the social order, for fun, or maybe is needs to achieve the purposed to get the political power. For the example, have a picture spread on internet, which picture show the president of America, shake hands with alien. The picture maker must needs to destroy he prestige, and let the peoples thinks he collaboration with alien and betray human, and himself (the picture maker) just can get more the political power if the president to fall from power. After that, the president has to clarify some facts, and take the picture say that is counterfeit. (The Biggest Secret Forum 200 3) this has showed that, the cases of alien just is maker by some one that is not trued. Other then that, the scientist overthrows the statement of the alien is existence, the reason is, if the alien is really existence, but the distance between solar system and most near by stellar system also have 4.3 a light-year, that mean if the alien to travel by the airship with more quickly, also need to spend more then ten thousand years, they is impossible have enough the fuel material and they is impossible can live logger like that, so the alien come to our planet is not possible. The reason of the peoples visit the flying objects normally is related with the airplane, an artificial satellite, a planet, and the cause of atmosphere, is not the UFO, and the scientist ask the citizen needs cerebral, there just is the citizen illusion, the living things from other planet is not existence. (Scientists hold a negative attitude toward the UFO 2004) Beside that, have one more point to support the peoples visit the UFO is mistakes, that is the new technology, because the new technology are integration to the new design flying object, and the new flying object is the citizen haven see it before, and when the new flying object appear in front of the peoples, that will make them mistaking and thinks that is UFO. Actually now have a lot of the developed countries already have a lot of the flying objects for the new design or new technology is haven to make known to the public, for the example like the F-117 invisible opportunity for combat make by America also is difference with the tradition opportunity for combat, if the America government no make known to the public, the citizen also will thinks that is UFO when the F-117 appear. Except the F-117 also have a lot of the flying object for new design is not making known to the public again, for the example like England have success to develop the new flying object and give a name to GFS. The figure of this flying object most looking like UFO, actually this function most like UAV, just only research and take photo from the sky, and help to rescue hostage. And now the war industries try to fix the unpiloted system to GFS to reduce the numbers of the casualty. (British development of new types of unmanned aircraft appearance did were quite similar UFO 2007) In conclusion, after research a lot of the point for the alien is not existence, but in my thinking or my opinion, I still believe the living things from other planet is existence and they is really appear in earth, the cases of the hearsay is not counterfeit at all, the reason is, I believe technology can overcome any things hinder in our facing now, for the example, the report for the F-117 before done, also show this opportunity for combat is no people can operate it, because the pressure of the speed is not fitting and proper for the people to operate it. After developed, and give some special training to the operator, finally the result is successes. This show the technology is can overcome any hinder and i thinks they (alien) is overcome all of the problems, so they can fly over the stellar system to our planet. I believe human also can do it finally. Reference Alien Wheat logo 2007. Retrieved: November 15, 2007, fromhttp://www.lalulalu.com/thread-765308-1-1.html British development of new types of unmanned aircraft appearance did were quite similar UFO 2007. Retrieved: November 15, 2007, from http://www.ufo.org.tw/news/2007/101607-2.htm Roswell UFO Incident 2007. Retrieved: November 15, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.orgwikiRoswell_UFO_incident.mht Sciencehuman Inc n.d. Retrieved: November 15, 2007, from http://www.sciencehuman.commysterymystery2004mystery200403d3.htm.mht Scientists hold a negative attitude toward the UFO 2004. Retrieved: November 15, 2007, from http://www.xiayidai.com.cnqczxsmdyzufokexuejia.htm.mht The Biggest Secret Forum 2003. Retrieved: November 15, 2007, from http://thebiggestsecretpict.online.fr/ufo_et.htm The mystery of Alien n.d. Retrieved: November 15, 2007, from http://hk.geocities.combrianlin2004alien.htm UFO Incident 2007. Retrieved: November 15, 2007, from http://en.wikipedia.orgwiki_UFO_incident.mht Verification of UFO and Alien n.d. Retrieved: November 15, 2007, from http://hk.myblog.yahoo.comreallyhaveufoarticlemid=886.mht Appendix The wheat is dump. These appear on the pyramid wall-painting. The picture of GFS. Bush showing the hoax ET picture to the press.

Bostons Artsy Youth Struggle for a Future :: Journalism Essays

Boston's Artsy Youth Struggle for a Future Liz Meyrovich, 19, moved 3,000 miles away from the Portland, Oregon home she grew up in to attend Emerson College, one of Boston’s many prestigious performing arts schools. Unlike many other aspiring actors and actresses who move to Los Angeles straight out of high school and work in minimum wage service industry jobs while going on numerous auditions, Meyrovich decided that she would get a degree. She was a musical theatre major, hoping that a degree from Emerson would fuel her career as an actress. But one year and $32,000 later, she came to the realization that it wasn’t going to happen. "I’d heard that, something like three percent, of Emerson graduates get a job as an actor,† said Meyrovich. â€Å"I didn’t think it was worth it.† Meyrovich, along with thousands of other young aspiring actors and musicians, was drawn to Boston for one of its many performing arts schools, which includes Berklee College of Music, The Boston Conservatory, and The New England Conservatory. But she, like so many others, realized that it might not be the best way to pursue a career in the entertainment industry. The increasing costs of tuition for these private schools combined with tough industry standards and a struggling economy have left many young adults in a lose-lose situation. Those who do graduate are left with thousands of dollars in debt and a degree that they cannot use to pursue other career options. As a result, Boston is left with a large Bohemian-like subculture of young artists, actors and musicians who are struggling to make a future for themselves. "Everyone in Boston is in a band,† Meyrovich joked. â€Å"Everybody is a musician or an actor. It’s kind of scary to see just how many people there are around here who are like me – who want the same thing that I want, because unfortunately, there isn’t enough room for all of us. And it sucks because a lot of really talented people don’t make it because of that.† The big decision for many young adults like Meyrovich is whether or not to pursue a degree. The recent fame and success of Berklee dropouts John Mayer and Gavin DeGraw have many hopeful young performers questioning whether or not college is necessary. Does the entertainment industry care more about credentials or talent? According to Janet Neely, a Career Services Associate at Emerson College, training is necessary to become a performer.

G Washington Biography :: essays papers

G Washington Biography In 1752, his brother, Lawrence died and George received his father's estate in Mount Vernon. His brother's death also brought about a future for George Washington. George Washington also received the title of adjutant - his brother's previous rank. Major Washington's first assignment was when he volunteered to carry the governor's message to the French commander of immediate withdrawal. His ambition at this time was to secure royal preference for a commission in the regular British Army, and this expedition promised to bring him to the king's attention. Washington took with him a skillful and experienced frontiersman, Christopher Gist, together with an interpreter and four other men. Reaching the forks of the Ohio, he found that the French had withdrawn northward for the winter. After inconclusive negotiations with the Native Americans living there, who were members of the Iroquois Confederacy, he pressed on and finally delivered Dinwiddie's message to the French commander at Fort Le Boeuf, not far from Lake Erie. The answer was polite but firm: The French were there to stay. Returning, Washington reached Williamsburg, the capital of Virginia, to deliver this word to the governor in mid-January 1754, having made a hard wilderness journey of more than 1600 km (1000 mi) in less than three months. With his report he submitted a map of his route and a strong recommendation that an English fort be erected at the forks of the Ohio as quickly as possible, before the French returned to that strategic position in the spring. With this premiere mission, George Washington was later promoted to Militia Commander and ultimately became a General in the Continental Army during the Revolutionary War. During battles in the Revolutionary War, he was highly unconventional. At times, he had to be reminded to stay in the back of the army or he would be shot. During one battle, he rode his horse up to the front line in order to encourage his troops to continue fighting. By doing this, one of the greatest minds of the world may have died. The war finally ceased in April 1782 and Washington returned to his home in Mount Vernon. With the war over, the United States (not quite a united United States yet) was still under the influence of The Articles of Confederation. Moreover, the colonies were so disunited, that many counties viewed thirteen different countries rather than one.

Male View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Charlotte P

Male View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charlotte Perkins Gilman's short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" has been viewed as either a work of supernatural horror or as a feminist treatise regarding the role of women in society. A close analysis of Gilman's use of symbols reveals "The Yellow Wallpaper" as her response to the male view of hysteria from ancient times through the nineteenth century. " In "The Yellow Wallpaper" Gilman questions the validity of Hippocrates's theory of the wandering uterus and Weir Mitchell's "rest cure". As she wrote in her essay "Why I Wrote the Yellow Wallpaper?", "[the story] was not intended to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy†¦" (107). By her own account, Gilman's purpose in writing "The Yellow Wallpaper" was to educate and inform the public of the misinterpretation of hysterical symptoms. The origin of the word hysteria expresses the belief in the inferiority of women. As James Palis writes in The Hippocratic Concept of Hysteria: A Translation of the Original Texts: "Etymologically, the term usteria (hysteria) derives from ustera (hystera), the Greek word for uterus, which means an inferior position. Thus, usteria denotes suffering of the uterus, the most inferior organ in the female" (226). The fact that the literal translation of hystera is "inferior position" reinforces the fact that from ancient times women were viewed as physically inferior to men. Since the one major physical difference between women and men is the presence of the uterus, psychological problems that were considered to be strictly female were attributed to some malfunction of the uterus. Hippocrates first proposed in his work "The Art of Healing"that hysteria wa... .... ---. "The Yellow Wallpaper". American Realism Reader. Ed. James Nagel and Tom Quirk. New York: Penguin Books, 1997. 254-269. Hothersall, David. History of Psychology. 3rd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1995. Meyer, Cheryl L. The Wandering Uterus: Politics and the Reproductive Rights of Women. New York: New York University Press, 1997. Mitchell, S. Weir. "Fat and Blood": The Yellow Wallpaper. Women Writers: Texts and Contexts. Ed. Thomas L. Erskine and Connie L. Richards. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1993. 105-109. ---. "Wear and Tear". The Yellow Wallpaper. Women Writers: Texts and Contexts. Ed. Thomas L Erksine and Connie L. Richards. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1993. 109-111. Palis, James., et al. "The Hippocratic Concept of Hysteria: A Translation of the Original Texts." Integrative Psychiatry 3.3 (1985): 226-228.    Male View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper -- Charlotte P Male View of Hysteria Presented in The Yellow Wallpaper      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charlotte Perkins Gilman's short story "The Yellow Wallpaper" has been viewed as either a work of supernatural horror or as a feminist treatise regarding the role of women in society. A close analysis of Gilman's use of symbols reveals "The Yellow Wallpaper" as her response to the male view of hysteria from ancient times through the nineteenth century. " In "The Yellow Wallpaper" Gilman questions the validity of Hippocrates's theory of the wandering uterus and Weir Mitchell's "rest cure". As she wrote in her essay "Why I Wrote the Yellow Wallpaper?", "[the story] was not intended to drive people crazy, but to save people from being driven crazy†¦" (107). By her own account, Gilman's purpose in writing "The Yellow Wallpaper" was to educate and inform the public of the misinterpretation of hysterical symptoms. The origin of the word hysteria expresses the belief in the inferiority of women. As James Palis writes in The Hippocratic Concept of Hysteria: A Translation of the Original Texts: "Etymologically, the term usteria (hysteria) derives from ustera (hystera), the Greek word for uterus, which means an inferior position. Thus, usteria denotes suffering of the uterus, the most inferior organ in the female" (226). The fact that the literal translation of hystera is "inferior position" reinforces the fact that from ancient times women were viewed as physically inferior to men. Since the one major physical difference between women and men is the presence of the uterus, psychological problems that were considered to be strictly female were attributed to some malfunction of the uterus. Hippocrates first proposed in his work "The Art of Healing"that hysteria wa... .... ---. "The Yellow Wallpaper". American Realism Reader. Ed. James Nagel and Tom Quirk. New York: Penguin Books, 1997. 254-269. Hothersall, David. History of Psychology. 3rd Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1995. Meyer, Cheryl L. The Wandering Uterus: Politics and the Reproductive Rights of Women. New York: New York University Press, 1997. Mitchell, S. Weir. "Fat and Blood": The Yellow Wallpaper. Women Writers: Texts and Contexts. Ed. Thomas L. Erskine and Connie L. Richards. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1993. 105-109. ---. "Wear and Tear". The Yellow Wallpaper. Women Writers: Texts and Contexts. Ed. Thomas L Erksine and Connie L. Richards. New Jersey: Rutgers University Press, 1993. 109-111. Palis, James., et al. "The Hippocratic Concept of Hysteria: A Translation of the Original Texts." Integrative Psychiatry 3.3 (1985): 226-228.   

Inquiry-Based Essay Reflection Essay

Before walking in this course, I had it stuck in my head that intervening in a research paper was bad. I learned that it was ok to insert myself into the essay. I could intervene and put a couple of my own perspectives into the essay. In high school, it was prohibited to use your own perspectives and words into the essay. The only major thing I had to consider is having the content and my perspective balanced so that my paper could sound credible. Of course, there were advantages and disadvantages to writing inquiry-based research essays. I noticed several advantages when I was working on my inquiry-based research essay. First, I was given the opportunity to pick a topic. Though this made me think a lot, gathering hand-selected topics and choosing one to write about was beneficial. It made me rethink about what interested me and what bored me. For instance, in essay 3, I originally started with a topic about black holes in space. Initially, it seemed like an interesting thing to talk about. However, as I kept researching this paper, there were large amounts of physics formulas and concepts being mentioned and repeated. It kept scaring me and making me doubt writing about it. I was going nowhere with the essay. After much consideration, I disposed of the subject and started a new one. The new one was about music and its stimulation, thus giving the reader and I a common ground. Second, the grading after turning in would be fair. If everyone had to write about one topic, the grading would be based upon who wrote the better. But, with the option of choosing a topic, the grading would be more upon individuality and the concept’s presentation, making it fair for everyone. Like advantages, there are also disadvantages that I noticed when doing this type of work. First, when starting essay 3, I was uncertain about using â€Å"I†. In high school, I was taught to not use â€Å"I† at all in a paper. It was a struggle for me to use â€Å"I† because I did not know what to say. I felt as if the quotes would make my own opinions matter at all.

Agency Theory Reconsidered Essay

â€Å"Angel Agents: Agency Theory Reconsidered† is an article that explores the relationship between agents and company owners. The article opens by stating the premise that company executives, who fail to operate under the every single objective of owners, don’t have the company’s best interest at heart. But the writers refute this by arguing that executives at times can be more engaging than the owners themselves; and for that reasons could make the best decisions for stakeholders. The writers pose a different spin on the Agency Theory, which holds that unless carefully monitor company executives will use information to exploit owners. The article tries to dispel the idea that agents are opportunistic but rather show ways that owners exhibit their greedy ways. The author offer examples like family owners appropriate company funds for family benefit and when poor investments by owners cause company down-sizing or acquiring. As a result CEOs are sometimes influenced by powerful owners. So in an effort to reconsider how agents can receive a  more favorable or lighter view; the writers expound on the pressures that agents operate under. The article notes how executives are majorly blame for any failures a company may experience. Furthermore, the executives position are emphasis by stating the it is virtually impossible for executives to behave appropriately, if directed poorly by owners. Writers take a look in retrospect at the â€Å"Renault Case† that deals executive Pierre Lefaucheux’s action has a company executive. In an effort to work toward his vision of created an affordable people’s car, he went up against company owners and the government and refuse to turnover company profits. Instead he invested the profits and as a result experienced phenomenal revenues and profits. In conclusion, there is evidence of agency theory in business today but the article compels the system for Angel Agents to step up and be responsible about business affairs. Although it may be risky to face those that are able to terminate you, writers provide the example of Lefauchex who faced giants receiving desired results.

Vietnam War and its Impact on Subsequent American Foreign Policy

Rise to globalism is an enlightened work by Stephen Ambrose that relates to development of American foreign policy from Second World War through Reagan administration. The book by Stephen Ambrose provides an overview American foreign policy evolution from 1938 to the present powerful status of America.Stephen Ambrose tries to explain the trends in foreign policy adapted by America from isolationist attitude to global power position America holds today. He focuses on events that related to Second world War, Vietnam, Cuban missile crisis and to large extent SALT treaties.The world today is faced with major problems such as communism, conflicts between Arabs and Israel, and third world development. These problems are attributed with Second World War and had an impact on American foreign policies.The policies adopted by America had an impact on various countries around the world. Stephen Ambrose work tries to explain the modern American foreign policy as a development since the Second Wo rld War Foreign policy of United States is a policy through which the United States interacts with foreign nations.United States has a lot of influence in the world through its economy and defense mechanism. Other character traits in America such racism, economic aggressiveness and fear of communism have shaped the countries emerging foreign policy.The overview of events in America led to a rise of globalism which is a major development in American history. The World War II had a lot of influence in development of America which shaped its foreign policy. Liberation by Russia incorporated Eastern European states into satellite states which became the Soviet Union.Another impact of the war was formation of natural governments which changed the status of the nations. Ambrose in his work showed each stage of the cold war, division of European continent and the arms race could have been avoided.A major impact of the Vietnam War as was reflected in the cold war is the financial and econom ic disaster which related to the arms race. It is a situation that compromised the financial position of many nations involved in the war. The development of American foreign policy is a thorny issue which resulted from the cold war.Incorporation of many countries in various treaties took a lot of time and forced nations to spend a lot of money so as to end such conflicts. The United States and other members of the Soviet Union were not willing to compromise their position in relation to minor matters.This is because committing a lot of their time and finances in such petty issues could cost them a big deal in resolving major problems. For instance, involving in activities such as partitioning Berlin would be met with a lot of resistance and unnecessary demands.On the other side, once the U.S.S.R tried to compromise, United States would seizure control of the situation so as to create stipulations on proposed agreements. One important and major concept during this period is that, th ere was no any meaningful agreement that sailed through.Former United States presidents had the opportunities and chances to come to an agreement that would end the cold war but this never succeeded. In few instances that saw some of the head of state try to reach an agreement, participants were unwilling to come to a consensus.As per Stephen Ambrose, resolution to certain problems during that period came after the book was written. Communism was replaced by democracy throughout most parts of Europe while in 1989 it was a time when U.S.S.R fell.Most of the countries in Western Europe who constituted the satellite nations were liberated by United States and Great Britain which formally formed democratic governments. Split of east and west Europe as the beginning of the cold war. The acting presidents during this period late Jimmy Carter acted in respect to expectations of many Americans to achieve a peace agreement.The agreement had little influence in resolving such conflicts but se veral treaties were formed which addressed the demand for concerned parties. Accomplishment of various agreements had impact on U. S whereby Arab-Israel hostilities were negotiated.This was a major development in the history of America and it fits in the foreign policy. The impact of such agreement is seen in today’s policies developed by United States to extend their powers in trying to help developing nations. United States is a very powerful nation in the world and its strength can be attributed with agreements that resulted from the cold war.Most of the developing nations have benefited from financial aid offered by United States of America. Signing certain treaties during the period of cold war was a very tough because neither side wanted to compromise their position which led to disagreement.The subsequent American foreign policy has seen several nations, individuals and governments benefit. It is a very important development in the history of America since the Second W orld War to the current powerful situation in America. Work Cited Ambrose Stephen, Rise to Globalism, (American Foreign Policy since 1938), Douglas Brinkley book.

Racism In America

Racism is everywhere in many different forms. I remember in 8th grade, I went to Walgreen to get some make-up products. As was just searching through the products kept see, a lady behind me. So I walked away and she kept following me, so decided to leave and as I was leaving she asked me if she could see my backpack. So I gave it to her, she thought I was stealing because I was black. And from that day on still realized that there was still racism in America. Even though racism was bad back then it is still very prevalent and one of the world's major issues.Many people are not aware of how much racism still exist in our schools, workforces, and anywhere else social lives are occurring. Between the years 1 450 though 1850 about 14 million African Americans were shipped to colonies in North America, South America and North Indies. About 90% Of these African Americans were kidnapped. And about 20-30% of them died on the route to these countries. These African American were know as inden tured servants, which were a form of debt bondage that occurred in the early years of American colonies. And in 1 628 they started to sell these African Americans like a piece of object.African men were sold for about $27 ND would serve as a slave for their entire life. Women and children would be sold for about $60. In the late 1660 the trans-Atlantic slave trade begins. And from the early 1 6th to the mid-19th century about 12 million to 13 million African Americans were taken away and sold. And in 1 787, slavery is made illegal by the Northwest Territory. A few years later in 1808 Congress bans the kidnapping of slaves in Africa. And the Missouri Compromise bans slavery north of the southern boundary of Missouri.During the slavery era which was from (1787-1863), many laws, acts, and amendments were created, some that helped slavery but many that banned it. In 1860 the Missouri Compromise was passed which prohibited the holding and ownerships Of slaves in the territory of the Unit ed States north Of the line. Also the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were passed which abolished slavery, made all African Americans free, and lastly allowed African American man to vote. And then in 1964, this biggest law that helped segregation in America was the Civil Rights Act of 1964.This law abolished segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. This acts helped crease the amount of segregation and racism in America. Even though there is still racism in America today. Jumping to present day, racism is still very active today because of the media. As we grow up the media becomes part of our everyday life whether we like it or not. The media is a major part of how racism is still very active in today's society. Since the early days the media has given racial labels. For example, in crime shows such as â€Å"Law and Order†, and â€Å"CSS. When you think of crime, African Americans are the ones reflected as the bad guys. And the whites are oft en reflected at the â€Å"good guy'. The directors and writers use racial stereotypes to make a more interesting story with more suspects or people to target. Most types they target blacks because it's easy to point the finger at an easy target. America sees blacks as not capable or as important as whites. Racial discriminations is a big treat in workplace in America. Though is is not as noticeable as it was in the sass's it is still very prevalent today. Studies even show people of color are the last hired, and the first fired.Even though we have Affirmative action which is used for diversity in the workplace, so hat discrimination can not be apart of the work environment. But that's not really the case owners of companies can always find away around the system. If we look at the bigger picture, in many big companies you barely see people of color as the top guy like the CEO. You always see a white man in those positions. My mom once today me that one of her friends was applying f or a job and her name was really ghetto, so you could tell that she was black. So she applied and didn't get the job.A few months later she decided to apply for the job again, with a name that you could tell was white, and she ended p getting the job. Discrimination in the workplace is still very prevalent, and although the awareness of discrimination has been increasing, some companies still face this problem. Racism has been so rampant in schools, and is expressed in many different forms. Some of the forms of racism in schools include name-calling, teasing, verbal abuse, and even bullying. Racism is experienced by all kinds of people in school. Racism in schools has a big effect on individuals, and the learning environment.Racism in schools is enhanced by discriminatory policies and practices that exist in the school system. Some of these instances are ignoring incidents of racism, being bib in disciplinary acts against students based on their race. If we look at it most teachers are middle class white women, which can cause schools to be run by their values and beliefs of their classroom. Even today, I have noticed that most private schools are prominently white. Use to attend a private school when was in middle school, and I was the only black girl in class. And many times would get ignorant remarks from the students. Member one day, I was sitting down and this girl came up to me ND asked â€Å"do you live on trees and ride elephants†. I was taken aback. Even though there is still racism in schools we have come a long one since the first desegregated school in Alabama. The â€Å"Little Rock Nine† where one first African American students to attend an all white school. Racism and unequal treatment had always been prevalent in the criminal justice system. African Americans have always been under control of the whites. The most effective way for the whites to keep that control would be though the criminal justice system.For example, in â€Å"Ho w to Kill a Mockingbird† a African American boy named Tom Robinson is accused of raping a white girl named Male Lowell. In the end the verdict, Tom was found guilty of charged. Similarly, around 1 940 a little boy names Emmett Till was murdered in Mississippi by two white man for â€Å"flirting† with one of the man ‘s wife. After Till's body was found and the two white men, Were linked to Till's body they Went on trial. The two men Were acquitted Of Emmett Till's murder. This shows the power the criminal justice system has over African Americans. This is still prevalent today.In early 2012 Traction Martin was fatally shot and killed my George Zimmerman. And in July 201 3 Silverman was found not guilty of all the charges against him. After this America was stunned many were upset and sadden. This shows that racism is very much in the criminal justice system. Lastly, racism is not only toward African Americans. Many races has experienced some type of racism. On Sept ember 1 1, 2001 four planes were hijacked by terrorist. And after that day many Middle Easterners experienced racism especially in airports. Many airports where strict on who that allowed in and out of the Lignite States.Anyone who looked Middle Eastern was examined even more than anyone else. Also on December 7. 1941 the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. Thus making the Unites States skeptical of every Japanese American. So they gathered all the Japanese people and put them in concentration camp. This act of racism toward Japanese was very viscous and made them feel like they didn't belong. In the end, they say you shouldn't judge a book by it's cover, yet everyday single day someone is being judged based on their skin color. Even though racism is bad, it is still being practiced in schools, workplaces, media, and the rimming justice system. Racism in America Robert Kim May 2011 Sociological Imagination Racism in America Is America in a Post Racial Era? What sort of impact does racism have in our society? In America, it's quite well known that we finally have the first black president in, it is also generally agreed upon that racism is unacceptable in society, and most of us would consider ourselves equal to one another regardless of race. Obviously, we still have people who are racist and the idea that these people will go away completely is almost unbelievable.Racism is the belief that races have distinctive cultural characteristics determined by hereditary factors and that this endows some races with an intrinsic superiority over others. And it can also mean abusive or aggressive behavior towards members of another race on the basis of such a belief. Racism means that people have negative and condescending thoughts about others based on their race. Some of the most infamous acts of racism in the United States occurred in the 1800s and 1900s which involved the discrimination against Indians and African Americans.In the 1800s, Americans believed that the Native Americans should be removed off their land or forced to assimilate into American society. The many Native Americans who chose not to assimilate were forced off their land into â€Å"reserves† so they would remain separate from society. â€Å"The concept became policy in 1825, with the creation of an Indian Country between the Red and Missouri Rivers†¦ followed by the Removal Act of 1830, leading to the relocation of many eastern tribes.Continuing non-Indian expansion, however, caused the so-called â€Å"permanent† Indian Territory to dwindle in size† (Waldman, Carl). The removal act attempted to remove Indians off their land and segregate them from each other and then, â€Å"The difference was that instead of one large Indian Country, lands were divided up piecemeal, with tribes confined to separate parcels with specific boundaries † (Waldman, Carl). And because of these acts, American Indians started to fight back for their land and their rights, which led to several American Indian wars.Eventually, American Indians were pushed so far away from society that they appear today as almost non-existent. It's very rare nowadays to meet a legitimate Native American because of these acts of discrimination against their race. The other well known historical event involved the African Americans in America who were discriminated against harshly, considered as property, and used primarily as slaves. Slavery was based on racist beliefs and thoughts that African Americans were inferior to white Americans. The three-fifths clause is the most infamous part of the Constitution in so far as black Americans are concerned. This is because it formalizes racism and white supremacy in the document, reflecting the debased, dehumanized status of African peoples in the minds of the Constitution's framers† (Smith, Robert). This act was used for political reasons in order to account for how many African people are living in the United States so that they could be taxed and represented in congress.This just shows that even the government believed that racism was acceptable and they were barely considered people. Southern states believed that these slaves were considered property and didn’t want to include them as part of the population, but for political purposes, congress wanted to add them into the count in population for political power. Racism has probably impacted African Americans the most because of how much they had to suffer during the time of slavery. Even still today, African Americans suffer from some forms of racism.After African Americans were freed from slavery and considered as â€Å"equal† citizens, no one would accept them as equal and they were still being discriminated against. African Americans were still being mistreated, terrorized against, and unable to participate in the same schooling or education as white Americans. African Americans weren’t considered equal and because of racism, people still thought of them as inferior and unequal just because they believed that they were born and meant to be servants.Even the government refused to accept African Americans as equals and the government created laws to restrict the rights of African Americans so that they wouldn’t be able to interact in society equally. After segregation had finally ended, African Americans were considered equal in society and are able to live without as much discrimination against them. We are not yet in a Post Racial Era because racism and race are still playing a role in our judgment and categorization of how we interact with other people.Barrack Obama is the first and only African American President to sit in office, even with America accepting and voting in the first non-white President, there are still many issues with racism in the United States. We are not in a Post Racial Era because people still have hatred against other people solely based on race and although they may not be able to express their ideas publicly, it still exists in people’s minds and their actions may even reflect those thoughts. Bibliography Smith, Robert C. â€Å"three-fifths clause in the U. S. Constitution. Encyclopedia of African-American Politics. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2003. African-American History Online. Facts on File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp ItemID=WE01&iPin=EAAP0399&SingleRecord=True  (accessed April  25,  2011). Waldman, Carl. â€Å"U. S. Indian policy: Removal and reservations. † Atlas of the North American Indian, Third Edition. New York: Facts On File, Inc. , 2009. American Indian History Online. Facts On File, Inc. http://www. fofweb. com/activelink2. asp ItemID=WE43&iPin=ind5509&SingleRecord=True  (accessed April  25,  2011). Racism In America Racism is everywhere in many different forms. I remember in 8th grade, I went to Walgreen to get some make-up products. As was just searching through the products kept see, a lady behind me. So I walked away and she kept following me, so decided to leave and as I was leaving she asked me if she could see my backpack. So I gave it to her, she thought I was stealing because I was black. And from that day on still realized that there was still racism in America. Even though racism was bad back then it is still very prevalent and one of the world's major issues.Many people are not aware of how much racism still exist in our schools, workforces, and anywhere else social lives are occurring. Between the years 1 450 though 1850 about 14 million African Americans were shipped to colonies in North America, South America and North Indies. About 90% Of these African Americans were kidnapped. And about 20-30% of them died on the route to these countries. These African American were know as inden tured servants, which were a form of debt bondage that occurred in the early years of American colonies. And in 1 628 they started to sell these African Americans like a piece of object.African men were sold for about $27 ND would serve as a slave for their entire life. Women and children would be sold for about $60. In the late 1660 the trans-Atlantic slave trade begins. And from the early 1 6th to the mid-19th century about 12 million to 13 million African Americans were taken away and sold. And in 1 787, slavery is made illegal by the Northwest Territory. A few years later in 1808 Congress bans the kidnapping of slaves in Africa. And the Missouri Compromise bans slavery north of the southern boundary of Missouri.During the slavery era which was from (1787-1863), many laws, acts, and amendments were created, some that helped slavery but many that banned it. In 1860 the Missouri Compromise was passed which prohibited the holding and ownerships Of slaves in the territory of the Unit ed States north Of the line. Also the 13th, 14th, and 15th amendments were passed which abolished slavery, made all African Americans free, and lastly allowed African American man to vote. And then in 1964, this biggest law that helped segregation in America was the Civil Rights Act of 1964.This law abolished segregation in public accommodations, public facilities, and employment. This acts helped crease the amount of segregation and racism in America. Even though there is still racism in America today. Jumping to present day, racism is still very active today because of the media. As we grow up the media becomes part of our everyday life whether we like it or not. The media is a major part of how racism is still very active in today's society. Since the early days the media has given racial labels. For example, in crime shows such as â€Å"Law and Order†, and â€Å"CSS. When you think of crime, African Americans are the ones reflected as the bad guys. And the whites are oft en reflected at the â€Å"good guy'. The directors and writers use racial stereotypes to make a more interesting story with more suspects or people to target. Most types they target blacks because it's easy to point the finger at an easy target. America sees blacks as not capable or as important as whites. Racial discriminations is a big treat in workplace in America. Though is is not as noticeable as it was in the sass's it is still very prevalent today. Studies even show people of color are the last hired, and the first fired.Even though we have Affirmative action which is used for diversity in the workplace, so hat discrimination can not be apart of the work environment. But that's not really the case owners of companies can always find away around the system. If we look at the bigger picture, in many big companies you barely see people of color as the top guy like the CEO. You always see a white man in those positions. My mom once today me that one of her friends was applying f or a job and her name was really ghetto, so you could tell that she was black. So she applied and didn't get the job.A few months later she decided to apply for the job again, with a name that you could tell was white, and she ended p getting the job. Discrimination in the workplace is still very prevalent, and although the awareness of discrimination has been increasing, some companies still face this problem. Racism has been so rampant in schools, and is expressed in many different forms. Some of the forms of racism in schools include name-calling, teasing, verbal abuse, and even bullying. Racism is experienced by all kinds of people in school. Racism in schools has a big effect on individuals, and the learning environment.Racism in schools is enhanced by discriminatory policies and practices that exist in the school system. Some of these instances are ignoring incidents of racism, being bib in disciplinary acts against students based on their race. If we look at it most teachers are middle class white women, which can cause schools to be run by their values and beliefs of their classroom. Even today, I have noticed that most private schools are prominently white. Use to attend a private school when was in middle school, and I was the only black girl in class. And many times would get ignorant remarks from the students. Member one day, I was sitting down and this girl came up to me ND asked â€Å"do you live on trees and ride elephants†. I was taken aback. Even though there is still racism in schools we have come a long one since the first desegregated school in Alabama. The â€Å"Little Rock Nine† where one first African American students to attend an all white school. Racism and unequal treatment had always been prevalent in the criminal justice system. African Americans have always been under control of the whites. The most effective way for the whites to keep that control would be though the criminal justice system.For example, in â€Å"Ho w to Kill a Mockingbird† a African American boy named Tom Robinson is accused of raping a white girl named Male Lowell. In the end the verdict, Tom was found guilty of charged. Similarly, around 1 940 a little boy names Emmett Till was murdered in Mississippi by two white man for â€Å"flirting† with one of the man ‘s wife. After Till's body was found and the two white men, Were linked to Till's body they Went on trial. The two men Were acquitted Of Emmett Till's murder. This shows the power the criminal justice system has over African Americans. This is still prevalent today.In early 2012 Traction Martin was fatally shot and killed my George Zimmerman. And in July 201 3 Silverman was found not guilty of all the charges against him. After this America was stunned many were upset and sadden. This shows that racism is very much in the criminal justice system. Lastly, racism is not only toward African Americans. Many races has experienced some type of racism. On Sept ember 1 1, 2001 four planes were hijacked by terrorist. And after that day many Middle Easterners experienced racism especially in airports. Many airports where strict on who that allowed in and out of the Lignite States.Anyone who looked Middle Eastern was examined even more than anyone else. Also on December 7. 1941 the Japanese bombed Pearl Harbor. Thus making the Unites States skeptical of every Japanese American. So they gathered all the Japanese people and put them in concentration camp. This act of racism toward Japanese was very viscous and made them feel like they didn't belong. In the end, they say you shouldn't judge a book by it's cover, yet everyday single day someone is being judged based on their skin color. Even though racism is bad, it is still being practiced in schools, workplaces, media, and the rimming justice system.